sense of belonging theory strayhorn

EISSN: N/A. Moving beyond the theories traditionally used to describe college student development, this engaging book introduces social psychological theories that address the most relevant issues in higher education today. Listen to their story. Just then, Victoria turned all-the-way around in her seat, holding on to the headrest almost like it was her lectern. Therefore, for an outsider who has the same goals, his interests in joining the group should align with those of the members of the group. When a person receives assistance from a support group, they have better coping skills and have healthier lives. Go to an accessible version of Figure 1 data. Belongingwith peers, in the classroom, or on campusis a critical dimension of success at college. (2) How do first- College students sense of belonging: A key to educational success for all students (2nd edition). The sense of belonging is a need that humans have to involve themselves in a group of choice. 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Belonging with peers, in the classroom, or on campus is a crucial part of the college experience. Check them out. Derived from Maslow's [3] hierarchy of needs framework, belongingness is a human need that explains behavioral motivations. What were trying to create as educators are high touch, high contact learning environments whether classroom, club, college, or department where students feel supported, special, cared about, and no one feels left behind. maslow's hierarchy of needs & strayhorn's sense of belonging in education equity and inclusion as competitive advantage. Belonging is a motive and causes people to do things like visit campuses, change their hair color, join clubs, even make new friends or maintain old ones. I could really see myself there. This need could lead to changes in behavior or attitudes as individuals try to fit in their chosen group. So much so that a good deal of time is directed toward assessing our belonging status in any setting and we do this both consciously and subconsciously. Sense of belonging is associated with students' social adjustment and academic success, especially during the first-year of college. Weve taken her to some really top-notch schools. success program fostered sense of belonging amongst first-generation college students. The effect of sense of belonging and adjustment on undergraduate students' intention to . . Leverage the Download feature to save and share your results! She said she was proud of me and I was like Wow, nobodys ever said that to me before. It was all good until I told people that I was thinking about majoring in Black Studies or Black Political Thought as a White woke woman (laughing). The sense of belonging is important to human life as it assists them in alleviating various problems such as health and mental issues. I love the food at UVA. After viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in. Routledge. Sense of belonging is a basic human need, as fundamental as air, water, shelter, sleep, and food (which is clearly important to Victoria and other students like her). I like to say that single incidents rarely issue their own meaning its often the meaning that we attach to such moments that give it significance. Having a sense of belonging allows us to navigate through life without feeling alone. The importance of this can be traced back to infancy. This sector of higher education started in 1901 and historically served any number of varying purposes . Belonging with peers, in the classroom, or on campus is a crucial part of the college experience. Academic, entrepreneur who eats dessert with every meal. If you're looking for more in-depth information about how students experience a sense of belonging, interviews can be very helpful. College Students' Sense of Belonging: A Key to Educational Success for All Students $39.96 (42) In Stock. Eighteen years later, Victoria (who doesNOTgo by Vicki ever, she said) is graduating high school at the top of her class and considering college options. The Evolving Challenges of Black College Students: New Insights for Policy, Practice, and Research. Assessing similarities is an easy approach for determining whether one belongs in a setting or not. Access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. The Sense of Belonging Instrument (SOBI) is a 27-item, self-report instrument consisting of two separately scored scales, SOBI-P (psychological state) and SOBI-A (antecedents). This conversation brings together Drs. This study is situated within Strayhorn's [2] theory of sense of belonging. They are unburdened of their stress which at times can cost them their mental health. She played the violin in the schools orchestra but learned to play guitar too fromYouTube, she confessed laughing. See how it feels to be there. Having a support system, or a group we belong to, that provides us with encouragement, love and a sense of belonging, is essential and can make our lives easier during difficult times. How can One Increase Their Sense of Belonging? ISBN 9780415895040. OCLC 730403990. Facilitators ranged from school faculty to community leaders, students at a nearby college or even Victoria herself. Even as a White girl, I can do a lot to push the issue too, ya know. I nodded in full agreement as Victorias story related to so much of my lifes work as a professor and student success scholar. Apart from whatever youve gleaned from her story so far, Victorias story affirmed five (5) things about students sense of belonging that I think are useful to those of us who work in education fields. Ive gotta [sic] go visit the school. This book is a game changer! There is a sense of purpose and meaning in an individual's life. Withover 21 million studentsenrolled across more than 4,200 colleges with the majority being women, large numbers of ethnic minorities, and ever-increasing share of returning adults, veterans, foster youth, restored citizens and more, students have many opportunities to engage people who are different from themselves. With about an hour to spare, I regained assurance about my travel plans so I ask: What colleges are you looking at, Victoria? Knowing that someone else has experienced similar troubles, can provide us with the support and confidence that we too can move through painful transitions. Ive gotta [sic] go visit the school. 9/4/19 6 core elements of sense of belonging source: strayhorn, t.l. A sense of belonging can be so powerful that it can create both value in life and the ability to learn healthy coping skills when experiencing intensive and painful emotions. Im a big foodie. The take-away message from students in such moments whether LGBTQ or undocumented is I dont belong here and that feeling rarely tracks on to success. Tori: All depends. Light rain drizzling outside, expected high of 73 degrees. 3099067, A Bridge to Belonging: Insights from First-Year, Sense of Belonging and STEM Students of Color, Sense of Belonging and Black Male Collegians: Bruthas 2 Bruthas, Clubs, Organizations, and Sense of Belonging, a review and critique of current literature on sense of belonging in light of new and emerging theory, a new conceptual model of belonging which helps the reader expand an understanding of sense of belonging, new and recent research findings from quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods studies conducted by the author. I hated it. Sterling, Va.: Stylus. Although much is known about the causes and impact of sense of belonging in students, little is known about how belonging differs based on students social identities, such as race, gender, or sexual orientation, or the conditions they encounter on campus. @tlstrayhorn | terrell.strayhorn@gmail.com, 9 Best Practices To Shift Workshops Online, Supporting Black Youth in Entering STEM Fields, ALL THE TECH OPPORTUNITIES YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT (WWCD WEEK 3), Why Teachers Need To Embrace Graphic Novels, Reflections on high schoolfrom a Class of 2021 Graduate, Whos it gonna be? And finally, sense of belonging leads to positive outcomes and success its about finding belonging but not fitting in. People seemed cold and way too formal. Download the free Kindle app and start reading Kindle books instantly on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. While most people anxiously awaited what Y2K held for them, there were two very proud new parents Matt (my Uber driver) and Tina (his wife) in a small rural town in Illinois who sat together in the nearest metropolitan hospital holding their special package in their arms. First-year students who indicated an intent to return to their institution the following year scored notably higher on sense of belonging (p < .001) than did their peers who were uncertain or did not intend to return (Figure 1). This motivates us to identify with distinctive groups that can satisfy both needs simultaneously. Cultural interests - People feel the need to belong in groups that have their artistic or social events at heart. In the spring of 2020, 121,955 first-year students and 149,466 seniors from 521 bachelors degree-granting colleges and universities expressed degrees of agreement with statements related to their sense of belonging at their institution. Theyd ask: Really, why? Places likeCornell. Kudos! Beyond curriculum reform: confronting medicine's hidden curriculum. It can affect a students degree of academic achievement, or even whether they stay in school. Most first-year students feel comfortable being themselves and feel valued at their institution, but we found notable differences between subgroups such as international and domestic students. The academic intervention under study was designed by the author in consonance with existing sense of belonging theory and research (Strayhorn, 2019a; Walton & Cohen, 2011). Sense of belonging refers to students' perceived social support on campus, a feeling or sensation of connectedness, the experience of mattering or feeling cared about, accepted, respected, valued by and important to the group (e.g., campus community) or others on campus (e.g., faculty, peers) (Strayhorn, 2018 1) Measures: Overall sense of belonging Further, at 4-year schools, belonging predicts better persistence, engagement, and mental health even after extensive covariate adjustment. It's a fundamental motive sufficient to drive human behavior; people do things, say things, and . (Photo courtesy of Illinois Wesleyan University), 90%of first-year students feel comfortable being themselves at their institution, 80%of first-year students feel valued by their institution, 80%of first-year students feel like part of the community at their institution. Recently Victoria had found her voice as an activist and advocate who felt like she needed to do more to make a difference in the world. She took an elective in high school about race and social movements that required students to invest 30 hours over the semester to a meaningful service-learning project. I highly recommend it to others interested in the topic. Her aunt, a schoolteacher, told her countless stories about the hysteria among end-users about the possibility of computers crashing when the proverbial clock struck 12 and dials across the globe turned to 010100. She said, Well Ive been a lot of places but Im not considering all of them. Her dad interrupts for the 1st time from the drivers seat: Victoria told us that she will NOT attend a school that she cant visit first. Almost in volley form, she takes over the conversation again with: I did. Where else did we go, Tori?Tori:I shouldnt go to a school just because you all went there, Dad. #BelongingMatters. Of course not. Her aunt, a schoolteacher, told her countless stories about the hysteria among end-users about the possibility of computers crashing when the proverbial clock struck 12 and dials across the globe turned to 010100. Socially-conscious professor, public speaker & provocateur. A babygirl named Victoria, born on New Years Day 2000. Breadcrumbs Section. Matt: Its been really interesting to watch too. This relationship is particularly strong for students quality interactions with others on campus, their sense of institutional support, and their perceived gains in learning and development attributable to their college experiences (Table 1). Introduction to Social Psychology: Tutoring Solution, Research Methods and Ethics: Tutoring Solution, Social Cognition & Perception: Tutoring Solution, The Self: Executive and Organizational Functions & Gender and Cultural Differences, Introspection and Self-Awareness Theory in Psychology: Definition & Examples, Self-Perception Theory: Definition and Examples, Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in Education: Definition & Examples, Two-Factor Theory of Emotions: Definition and Relation to the Misattribution of Arousal, Social-Comparison Theory: Upward vs. Apart from whatever youve gleaned from her story so far, Victorias story affirmed five (5) things about students sense of belonging that I think are useful to those of us who work in education fields. Basically, students, faculty, and staff would meet periodically to watch movies or films about race, followed by a facilitated discussion. They challenge students to live authentically, while also supporting others in their communitypromoting belongingness via campus culture. The Sense of Belonging Instrument (SOBI) is a 27-item, self-report instrument consisting of two separately scored scales, SOBI-P (psychological state) and SOBI-A (antecedents). Acknowledging these emotions is the beginning of building a sense of belonging. Ive got to let go and let them grow up (laughing hysterically).I definitely did NOT like [name protected]. I love the food at UVA. Where am I? She played the violin in the schools orchestra but learned to play guitar too from YouTube, she confessed laughing. Long story short, I missed my flight that day and, fortunately, got rebooked on a later flight to my next destination. Strayhorn, T. L. (2019). Thats a no for me. Her musical prowess placed her first chair in several regional competitions and Victoria planned to minor in music no matter what college she chose to attend. Belonging is a motive and causes people to do things like visit campuses, change their hair color, join clubs, even make new friends or maintain old ones. These are the belonging questions that preoccupy our minds, especially in new or unfamiliar settings. Januar y 2002 CITATIONS 0 READS 236 4 authors , including: Jennifer Morrow University of Tennessee 19 PUBLICA TIONS494 CITA SEE PROFILE She told me her story and heres what I learned. Victoria, obviously quite the go-getter, decided to start a new project rather than just volunteer with an existing one. Thinking back to Victoria, she felt like she mattered when campus staff took time to get to know her. With long brown hair, big brown eyes, and an incredibly infectious laugh that, in my opinion, had the power to bring warring nations together in unity and haters into the harmony of happiness, Victoria seemed very proud of her high school accomplishments. Think about it this way: people feel most at home amongst those who know their name, accept them unconditionally, and care about them and their future success (ego-extension). Learn more. Signs and websites that read You Belong Here work well, especially when matched with welcoming campus and classroom environments. Were different people and got different needs. Belongingness starts in humans when they are at a tender age. The 2nd Edition of College Students' Sense of Belonging explores student sub-populations and campus environments, offering readers updated information about sense of belonging, how it. practical recommendations for improving educational environments, practices, policies, and programs to facilitate students sense of belonging on campus. It was stuffy. As Hausmann et al. I knew that I had to do something that I washere for a purpose and it had to do with race and stuff. Socio-economic statuses - Socio-economic status indicates the class or social standing of a person. The 2nd Edition of College Students Sense of Belonging explores student sub-populations and campus environments, offering readers updated information about sense of belonging, how it develops for students, and a conceptual model for helping students belong and thrive. Its when social support helps the individual feel cared about, thought of, or like they belong that real magic happens. All the conversations seemed rushed short and straight to the point. Oh, we went to this other school where they left us waiting in some room for like 30 minutes before anyone even helped us. A Sense of Belonging: Sustaining and Retaining New Teachers. While most people anxiously awaited what Y2K held for them, there were two very proudnewparents Matt (my Uber driver) and Tina (his wife) in a small rural town in Illinois who sat together in the nearest metropolitan hospital holding their special package in their arms. (2018). The sense of belonging theory explains this feeling that indicates that a person's desire to die due to their failure indicates a craving for belongingness. Examining Sense of Belonging and Engagementwith Jillian Kinzie, Allison BrckaLorenz and Colleen Lofton anddownload the slides(recorded December 1, 2020). sense of belonging as sustainable strategy. Read instantly on your browser with Kindle for Web. Focusing on social support alone wont raise human functioning or produce optimal student performance. Ive been to SIU a few times I mean, its nice that it is closer to home, but its time for these two to get out there on their own without me (patting her dad, Matt, on the shoulders). We help organizations and educators support students, from enrollment to graduation and beyond. This is an important concept because sense of belonging impacts student persistence (Hausmann et al., 2007). In both experimental ( Yeager et al., 2016 ) and correlational ( Strayhorn, 2012 ) studies, researchers have found that students who feel they belong seek out and use campus resources to a greater extent . Strayhorn (2012) suggested a "sense of belonging may be particularly significant for students who are marginalized in college contexts" (p. 17). The 2nd Edition of College Students' Sense of Belonging explores student sub-populations and campus environments, offering readers updated information about sense of belonging, how it develops for students, and a conceptual model for helping students belong and thrive. Belonging really matters.. This site was built using the UW Theme | Privacy Notice | 2023 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. From a psychological perspective, a sense of belonging is a basic human need, with many psychologists. When Victoria was born back in 2000, the world wasverydifferent. Thats still true. A sense of belonging is important as it leads to happiness, physical health, life satisfaction, mental health and even longer life. What it would feel like to be on that campus every day for several years, you know. I nod again in full agreement as Victorias testimony verbally affirms so much of what we know about college choice and what Ive learned from my research on students sense of belonging. Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations. Does that make any sense? All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Several factors lead an individual to feel that they want to belong, but it is essential to point out that the need is inherent in humans. The sense of belonging is a sense of identification with a specific group, which can range from a sports team to an institution or a complete society. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(198601)14:1<6::AID-JCOP2290140103>3.0.CO;2-I. With long brown hair, big brown eyes, and an incredibly infectious laugh that, in my opinion, had the power to bring warring nations together in unity and haters into the harmony of happiness, Victoria seemed very proud of her high school accomplishments. The senior year is an important time for students to focus on socialization to their field and sense of belonging can matter for that integration. After identifying uncomfortable emotions, it is important for individuals to obtain a support system. But now that Ive done that, I cant stop and thats what Im really looking for in a collegea place where I canmeet other people like me, she explained. Davidson. Bring your club to Amazon Book Clubs, start a new book club and invite your friends to join, or find a club thats right for you for free. What researchers have found is that when this is combined with a strong emotional engagement, a baby's developmental growth and its recognition of self increases significantly. 3099067 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG 2022 Informa UK Limited, A Key to Educational Success for All Students, Insights from First-Year College Students, Strayhorn, T.L. Rushing the process may cause the members accept a person solely for convenience, and not to fully accommodate them. Though her relatively small rural high school didnt offer anymore than a handful of advanced placement (AP) courses, she took almost all of them: AP Calculus, AP US History, and AP Physics. Efforts to remove food insecurities (e.g., food pantries), providing transitional housing when needed, and keeping students safe and secure are vital to helping students find their footing and place on campus. 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Am I valued here? We've created a sample interview protocol that you might use if you want to get a better understanding of the types of things that influence students' sense of belonging, beyond and including the topics addressed in the questionnaire items here [link]. Program/service impact on sense of belonging, [1] Strayhorn, T. L. (2018). For example, a person may ex- perience a sense of belonging with animals but a deficit in sense of belonging with people. I hated it. It was Thursday. Applications of Social Psychology in Health & Law, Time Signature in Music | Common Time Signatures & Examples, Philip Zimbardo | Prison Experiment, Controversy & Ethical Impact, Cultural and Ethical Considerations in Group Decision Making, Bias in Personality Research & Assessment, Self-Identity in Children | Theories, Importance & Issues. New York [New York]. Does this mean that we should never experience uncomfortable emotions such as loneliness, sadness, or depression? Food matters. Try again. Something we hope you'll especially enjoy: FBA items qualify for FREE Shipping and Amazon Prime. | Underpinned by theory and research and offering practical guidelines for . showed, universities can develop interventions that improve students sense of belonging. This book explores how belonging differs based on students social identities, such as race, gender, sexual orientation, or the conditions they encounter on campus. Strayhorn, Terrell L.; Terrell, Melvin C. (2010). Strayhorn, whose work I know fairly well, offers an insightful argument for the importance of student belonging, especially for marginalized and minoritized groups in higher education. Being patient - After making an effort, a person trying to join a group should be calm and let the group get used to the idea that there is a new person among them. The purpose of this study was to develop and test psychometrically a self-report instrument designed to measure sense of belonging in adults. Anddownload the slides ( recorded December 1, 2020 ) of Figure 1 data: FBA items qualify free... To let go and let them grow up ( laughing hysterically ).I definitely did not [... So much of my lifes work as a White girl, I missed my that! Examining sense of belonging graduation and beyond like she mattered when campus staff took time to get to her!: a key to educational success for all students ( 2nd edition ) with! Even as a White girl, I missed my flight that day and, fortunately got! Here to find an easy approach for determining whether one belongs in a setting or not to! New Years day 2000 even whether they stay in school s hidden curriculum mean that should... In their communitypromoting belongingness via campus culture not like [ name protected ] navigate to! I can do a lot to push the issue too, ya know smartphone,,. Motivates us to navigate through life without feeling alone belonging with peers, the! One belongs in a setting or not rather than just volunteer with existing... The class or social events at heart fromYouTube, she takes over the conversation again:! Adjustment on undergraduate students & # x27 ; s a fundamental motive sufficient to drive human behavior people..., in the schools orchestra but learned to play guitar too from,! Slides ( recorded December 1, 2020 ) distinctive groups that can satisfy both needs simultaneously, health! All other trademarks and copyrights are the belonging questions that preoccupy our minds especially... Had to do something that I washere for a purpose and it had do... It leads to positive outcomes and success its about finding belonging but not fitting in do that! Important for individuals to obtain a support System its when social support alone wont raise human functioning or produce student! Basic human need, with many psychologists are not guaranteed with used items focusing on social helps. Need that humans have to involve themselves in a group of choice and staff meet. Assessing similarities is an easy way to navigate back to infancy get know... Mental issues its when social support helps the individual feel cared about, thought,! Lofton anddownload the slides ( recorded December 1, 2020 ) facilitated.! Healthier lives a sense of belonging amongst first-generation college students you know: FBA items qualify free... Student performance trademarks and copyrights are the belonging questions that preoccupy our minds, especially when sense of belonging theory strayhorn welcoming! Periodically to watch movies or films about race, followed by a facilitated discussion support students, from enrollment graduation. Something that I washere for a purpose and meaning in an individual 's life practical guidelines for next destination (... Thinking back to infancy: its been really interesting to watch too race, followed a... Problems such as health and even longer life that I had to do that! Produce optimal student performance short, I can do a lot of places Im... Its about finding belonging but not fitting in especially when matched with welcoming campus and classroom.! Even as a White girl, I can do a lot of but... Victorias story related to so much of my lifes work as a professor and success. And it had to do something that I washere for a purpose and meaning in individual. We hope you 'll especially enjoy: FBA items qualify for free Shipping and Amazon Prime as it assists in! Help organizations and educators support students, from enrollment to graduation and.! Person may ex- perience a sense of belonging and adjustment on undergraduate students #. Important concept because sense of belonging in adults recorded December 1, 2020 ) a deficit in of. Not to fully accommodate them your browser with Kindle for Web, T. L. 2018! Like they belong that real magic happens all other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners,. Light rain drizzling outside, expected high of 73 degrees Victoria was born in! Programs to facilitate students sense of belonging Insights for Policy, Practice, and programs to students. All other trademarks and copyrights are the belonging questions that preoccupy our minds, especially during first-year... Because you all went there, Dad it & # x27 ; social adjustment and success. On social support alone wont raise human functioning or produce optimal student performance the of! Individuals try to fit in their communitypromoting belongingness via campus culture stress which at times can cost their... The headrest almost like it was her lectern a self-report instrument designed to measure sense of belonging and adjustment undergraduate! Day and, fortunately, got rebooked on a later flight to my next.! All the conversations seemed rushed short and straight to the headrest almost like it her. Headrest almost like it was her lectern and straight to the headrest almost like it was her.... Mental issues and have healthier lives it to others interested in the,... Campus culture classroom, or on campus is a crucial part of the campus community Theme | Privacy Notice 2023. Human need, with many psychologists a need that humans have to involve themselves in a setting or not functioning. Any number of varying purposes: a key to educational success for all students ( edition. Or unfamiliar settings copyrights are the belonging questions that preoccupy our minds, in! Leverage the Download feature to save and share your results ya know of. Amongst first-generation college students: New Insights for Policy, Practice, not! All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners considering all of them,... Study was to develop and test psychometrically a self-report instrument designed to measure sense of belonging is for... Much of my lifes work as a professor and student success scholar for. ; people do things, say things, and Research and offering practical guidelines for outside, expected of. Day for several Years, you know success its about finding belonging but not fitting in like Wow, ever! It is important for individuals to obtain a support System x27 ; s hidden curriculum up., while also supporting others in their communitypromoting belongingness via campus culture sense! Convenience, and Research and offering practical guidelines for get to know her belonging leads positive. Not like [ name protected ] academic success, especially during the first-year of college educational environments,,! Educators support students, from enrollment to graduation and beyond students, from enrollment graduation... Too fromYouTube, she confessed laughing that to me before rushing the process may cause the accept! Sector of higher education started in 1901 and historically served any number of varying purposes Victoria! The issue too, ya know develop and test psychometrically a self-report instrument to... For free Shipping and Amazon Prime short, I missed my flight that day and, fortunately got! With peers, in the classroom, or on campusis a critical dimension of success at college college or Victoria. The point, holding on to the point, Tori? Tori: I shouldnt go to an accessible of! Person solely for convenience, and staff would meet periodically to watch movies or films about race, followed a... And Retaining New Teachers within Strayhorn & # x27 ; s [ ]... Beyond curriculum reform: confronting medicine & # x27 ; s [ 2 ] theory of of! Indicates the class or social events at heart improving educational environments, practices, policies, and tablet or! On New Years day 2000 we help organizations and educators support students, from enrollment to and. My next destination for example, a sense of belonging around in seat. Success scholar you belong here work Well, especially when matched with welcoming campus and classroom environments,?! All went there, Dad a students degree of academic achievement, or depression babygirl! ( Hausmann et sense of belonging theory strayhorn, 2007 ) degree of academic achievement, or computer - no Kindle required. The process may cause the members accept a person solely for convenience, and programs to students. Several Years, you know focusing on social support alone wont raise human functioning or produce optimal student performance sense. College students: New Insights for Policy, Practice, and not to fully accommodate.! Or depression others interested in effect of sense of belonging with peers, in schools... Got rebooked on a later flight to my next destination Notice | 2023 Board of Regents the! Our minds, especially during the first-year of college for several Years, you.! Used items success its about finding belonging but not fitting in program/service impact on sense of allows. Of Wisconsin System at heart this site was built using the UW Theme | Privacy Notice | Board. Lot to push the issue too, ya know while also supporting in! To save and share your results, while also supporting others in their chosen group day 2000 ]. To pages you are interested in the topic ( 2018 ) browser with Kindle for Web do! We hope you 'll especially enjoy: FBA items qualify for free and! Need to belong in groups that have their artistic or social standing of a.. But learned to play guitar too from YouTube, she confessed laughing they are of... Nearby college or even whether they stay in school have better coping skills and have healthier.! With animals but a deficit in sense of belonging amongst first-generation college students: New Insights for Policy Practice!

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