In the years of 1872 to 1875 there was pressure on the Canadian government from the First Nations in the prairies to address treaties. Aboriginal is an oversimplification that hides more meaning than it conveys. Morris reassured the First Nations that their way of life and survival would not be disturbed and guaranteed well into the future. When Canada acquired the lands of the Hudsons Bay Company (HBC) in 1869 (see Ruperts Land), the Plains Indigenous peoples of present-day central Saskatchewan, including the Cree, Ojibweand Assiniboine, became concerned about the federal governments intentions with this land and with the Indigenous peoples who lived on it. The Constitution established a presidential system with separation of . At the time when Sweet Grass was Chief, The Canadian government had pictured what the Indigenous communities were and never changed them. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Sweet Grass (also Sweetgrass or Wikaskokiseyin or Wihaskokiseyin) ( c. 1815 - on or shortly before January 11, 1877) was a chief of the Cree in the 1860s and 1870s in western Canada. They had sent a war party to a Blackfoot camp and killed 18 Blackfeet in addition to stealing horses. Governor Morris considered the provisions the leaders had asked for and was willing to make some concessions, but he would not agree to all of them. Arthur J. Ray, Jim Miller and Frank Tough, Bounty and Benevolence: A History of Saskatchewan Treaties (2002). Sweet Grass believed that working alongside the government was one of the only solutions to the daily hardship the Cree were faced with. The great peace of Montreal was between: New France and indigenous groups of central and Eastern North America. Similarly, clauses promising farming assistance and reserve schools can be interpreted as a promise to provide general economic assistance for Indigenous businesses and access to modern education. The tragedy is that the remnants of Big Bears tribe continue to be scattered across Montana, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. [16] This spirit did not provide aid or direct help in any way but instead provided guidance. Treaty 6 encompasses 17 First Nations in central Alberta including the Dene Sulin, Cree, Nakota Sioux and Saulteaux peoples. By signing an adhesion to a treaty, Indigenous peoples who could not attend or were not initially included in treaty negotiations were able to enter into the terms of that treaty. Newcomers would receive a peaceful co-existence with First Nations people, access to lands for settlement, farming, railways, and future industrial development. In 1862, Sweet Grass accompanied Broken Arm, who was known for his ability to broker peace, along with fifty escorts to finally make peace with the Blackfoot. Make provision for us against years of starvation. [33] They also wanted the government to be held accountable for the depleted food supplies within the indigenous territories. He ventured into the Blackfoot territory, completely alone with the goal of capturing a herd of horses. By 1870 Canada was made up of four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs Website Design by M.R. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. Popular. The Chiefs hired Peter Erasmus, a Mtis, to interpret for them during the proceedings and his role became integral to both sides. He resented the notion completely how could the government give them land that they already possessed? [3] Moreover, Big Bear was part Ojibwa which meant both chiefs were not completely Cree. Rather than promising schools on reserve, the only guarantee was that the government would pay the salary of teachers. What was chief mistawasis Role in Treaty 6? Let us not think of ourselves but our childrens children, let us show our wisdom by choosing the right path while we yet have a choice. Aboriginal has been an umbrella term used by Canadians and Canadian institutions for convenience. He worked with other chiefs and bands to participate in raids with enemy tribes. When the Metis under Louis Riel started the Northwest-Rebellion in 1885, Wandering Spirit would lead a group of Cree to raid the Frog Lake Settlement. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? per family of five. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. On September 9, the Chiefs and Headmen signed their approval to accept Treaty 6. Website Design by M.R. However, this likely happened because he was born in a Cree Camp. However, they are still not recognized collectively as an Indian band with Indigenous and treaty rights. It aims to protect treaty rights, support Indigenous self-government and assist in the socio-cultural, political, economic and spiritual advancement of their people. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Box 147 Gallivan, Saskatchewan S0M 0X0. Treaties were signed with First Nations in Canada between 1871 and 1921. So they were not present during the negotiations. Treaty 6 was the biggest piece of legislation between Plains Cree Leaders and the colonial government. The Indigenous peoples retained the right to pursue hunting, trapping and fishing on reserve lands. [17], The position of chief within the Cree varied from tribe to tribe and each had varying levels of authority over the band. Sweet Grass during the signing of the treaty was one of the most well-regarded plains Cree chiefs and was given a position of importance during negotiations. Chiefs Ahtukukoop and Mistawasis held more influence in Cree political and social circles than Pitikwahanapiwiyin and, as a result, the other chiefs and leaders agreed that entering into a treaty with the Crown was the best option. Governor Morris stated that there would be strong laws enforced through the North West Mounted Police. Who negotiated Treaty 6? [16] The Cree believe that every individual has a soul which is located at the back of their neck. The Sweet Grass Reserve west of Battleford, Saskatchewan was named in his honor and is still functioning today. They created an iron alliance that enabled them to expand across the northern plains. On 19 August, Morris was presented with chiefs, but he noticed the absence of the Duck Lake band leaders. The treaty outlined specifics as to rights of indigenous people and support and protection of the Queen. After explaining the treaty terms, the Duck Lake chiefs and headmen also signed the treaty. He said that the land set aside for their reserves would be held in trust by the Queen, one square mile for every family of five. Poundmaker, a Councilor from Red Pheasants band, stood up and protested, This is our land, not a piece of pemmican to be cut off and given in little pieces. The following is the inscription on the Big Bear monument at Poundmaker First Nation: "The Great Cree leader, Chief Big Bear has entered the history books as one of Canadas most feared, yet profoundly misunderstood, First Nations Leader. How Canada fulfilled its obligations was critical and it appeared to the First Nations that they made a mistake in surrendering their lands and way of life to become farmers. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. 1282 101 St, North Battleford, SK S9A 0Z8. [33] This land was not the HBC's to sell which is a problem that would occur several times to indigenous groups all over Canada. People die with maori race were relationships compromised by shared incredulity, treaty was the of written essay plans . (Ray, Miller, and Tough 143). Governor Morris addressed the crowd and asked Erasmus to interpret for him, Erasmus answered back, I act on behalf of the Chiefs; I am not employed by the government. McKay translated but was stopped when Chief Mistawasis stood up and said We are Plains Cree and demand to be spoken to in our language. Then Ballenden proceeded to translate, however, people in the back of the crowd complained they could not hear him, he tried to speak louder, choked and then sat down (Ray, Miller, and Tough 134). A reserve was surveyed west of Battleford in 1884 for the melded band members, who sold hay and wood, and maintained gardens and livestock. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Big Bear held out on signing an adhesion until 1882. . With diseases and famine rampant in the Cree community, they were more receptive to new religious ideas. Linguistic and cultural differences likely resulted in a misinterpretation of the treaty terms. Crf. In 1860, a member of the Plains Cree had killed a Blackfoot chief, which had sparked a war against them. Despite it being a highly valuable horse Sweetgrass traded it for an inferior one, understanding the importance of the group over the individual. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. Commemorate the historic ties between the Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations and the City of Edmonton. He attempted to take Sweet Grasss pistol and it accidentally discharged, resulting in his death. Morris answered, some Half-breeds want to take lands at Red River and join the Indians here, but they cannot take with both handsthe small class of Half-Breeds who live as Indians and with the Indians, can be regarded as Indians by the Commissioners, who judge each case of its own merits. (Christensen 269) This meant that the Mtis people would not be included in Treaty 6 unless they were considered to be a part of the people living on the reserve land with First Nations. Pitikwahanapiwiyin stated: This is our land, it isnt a piece of pemmican to be cut off and given in little pieces back to us. Sharing land alongside Europeans c. Legal ownership over all territories d. Hunting rightscross out Expert Answer Answer - Option B - Sharing land alongside Europeans Explanation :- Treaty 6 was related to distribution of land for benefits of European and extended it towards the West. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 3 periods of Arctic settlement, Innovations of Dorset and Thule Culture, Characteristics of Thule Culture and more. The reserve was established as part of Treaty 6 when Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876. Morris reassured the First Nations that their way of life and survival would not be disturbed and guaranteed well into the future. Other members of the negotiating team included treaty commissioners William Joseph Christie (an HBC officer) and. Siksika (Blackfoot) is the language of Siksika Nation. The meaning of land and the surrender of it was not entirely understood by those who were signing the agreement. Thanks for contributing to The Canadian Encyclopedia. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. [49] After signing the treaty, some of the Cree remained unsatisfied with the situation they had been forced into. The iconography on the commemorative medals for Treaty 6 symbolizes: A.Two sovereign nations making peace and sharing the land forever B.The equality of all peoples under God C.The transfer of land and resources for material goods D.The dominance of the British Crown in negotiations and afterward A Treaty 6, between the Queen and bands of Cree and Stoney First Nations, was negotiated and signed at Fort Carlton and Duck Lake in August, and at Fort Pitt in September, 1876. Chief Vernon Watchmaker The signing of Treaty 6 was not the only reason for conflict between the Cree and other prominent Indigenous tribes in the region. On 9 September, Weekaskookwasayin addressed the people, arguing that the treaty terms would help preserve and protect their livelihood. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. They needed to know what the government planned to do to help the people suffering due to the decimation of the buffalo and disease that had killed many. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". [57] In 2010 the Sweetgrass nation had over 1500 registered members who primarily live outside of the Sweetgrass Reserve.[55]. It does not store any personal data. Both of these issues became an extremely important topic discussed in treaty negotiations which Sweet Grass was heavily involved in. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The raid of horses on the Blackfoot may have been an attempt to prove his worth to the tribe and seek their acceptance. At that time, they as well were facing low fur prices, and poor hunting and fishing. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass). If they were convinced of guilt the council would pass sentence, normally either execution or compensation in goods and land. As Europeans began to set up colonies in North America, missionaries went among the indigenous people to spread their religion. Big Bear heard of the disharmony in Treaty 4 territory, they found that the promises of the treaty were not being honored by the government (, For several days the Chiefs met and waited for others to arrive. That is all.. Charter prohibiting the use of force except in self defense. We want cattle, tools, agricultural implements, and assistance in everything when we come to settle- our country is no longer able to support us. Treaty 45 and Treaty 72 The SON are signatories to various. Morris promised the tools and animals needed to engage in farming, cash payments, ammunition, twine, schools, and presents to the Chiefs and Headmen. [21], Sweet Grass often worked closely with the fellow Cree chief Big Bear. The Cree made it clear that they would not tolerate any trespassers on their lands. Its territory is located 35 kilometers west of Battleford. A few months after the Pitt meeting, Chief Sweetgrass was shot and killed by accident with the gun presented to him as a treaty gift, at the hands of his best friend. It is considered in present day that the medicine chest led to the concept of free health care. 11 Where was the Treaty 6 of 1876 signed? In addition, a medicine chest was to be stored at the house of the Indian agent on the reserves, and rations were to be awarded in times of famine and pestilence.. The Governor interpreted this to mean that the Chiefs wanted to be fed everyday, but to the Chiefs, this meant that in times of starvation and they could not feed themselves that the government would assist them with rations when needed. Strong laws enforced through the website to function properly and treaty rights website to function.! 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