Stay connected for new books and special offers. Read full-text. Now the situation is different. He understands what the place of science in our democratic society has beenand what it should be. It should be competent to advise the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy. Recommendations regarding the allocation of research programs among research organizations. To encourage and enable a larger number of young men and women of ability to take up science as a career, and in order gradually to reduce the deficit of trained scientific personnel, it is recommended that provision be made for a reasonable number of (a) undergraduate scholarships and graduate fellowships and (b) fellowships for advanced training and fundamental research. Unit 2702, NUO Centre Rather, the decline represents a substantive shift in science and technology, . Science, the Endless Frontier of Regulatory Capture by Andrea Saltelli, Dorothy Dankel, Monica Di Fiore, Nina Holland, Martin Pigeon :: SSRN Add Paper to My Library Science, the Endless Frontier of Regulatory Capture Saltelli, Andrea, Dorothy J. Dankel, Monica Di Fiore, Nina Holland, and Martin Pigeon. If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice . At the outset these Divisions should be: 2. National Science Foundation, 2415 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, USA Tel: (703) 292-5111, FIRS: (800) 877-8339 | TDD: (800) 281-8749, National Science Foundation - Where Discoveries Begin, Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE), Environmental Research and Education (ERE), International Science and Engineering (OISE), Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences (SBE), Technology, Innovation and Partnerships (TIP), Responsible and Ethical Conduct of Research, Proposal and Award Policies and Procedures Guide (PAPPG), Award Statistics (Budget Internet Info System), National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES), Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization (OSDBU), Proposal & Award Policies Procedures Guide (PAPPG). There is, however, a very real need for some measure of coordination of the common scientific activities of these agencies, both as to policies and budgets, and at present no such means exist. 3. These groups are concerned with science as collateral and peripheral to the major problems of those Departments. This point has been well stated by the Moe Committee as follows: "As citizens, as good citizens, we therefore think that we must have in mind while examining the question before us -- the discovery and development of scientific talent -- the needs of the whole national welfare. In the case of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, arrangements have been made for the preparation of manuscripts, while the staffs under our control are still assembled and in possession of the records, as soon as the pressure for production of results for this war has begun to relax. One of the peculiarities of basic science is the variety of paths which lead to productive advance. By. II. We think it very important that circumstances be such that there be no ceilings, other than ability itself, to intellectual ambition. The V-1 attack on London was finally defeated by three devices developed during this war and used superbly in the field. They should receive their expenses and compensation for their services at a per diem rate of, say, $50 while engaged on business of the Foundation, but no division member should receive more than, say, $10,000 compensation per year. New Responsibilities for Government. Cardiovascular disease, including chronic disease of the kidneys, arteriosclerosis, and cerebral hemorrhage, now account for 45 percent of the deaths in the United States. We will not get ahead in international trade unless we offer new and more attractive and cheaper products. Since 1900 a large number of scientific agencies have been established within the Federal Government, until in 1939 they numbered more than 40. While additional physicians, hospitals, and health programs are needed, their full usefulness cannot be attained unless we enlarge our knowledge of the human organism and the nature of disease. "In his companion essay to this new edition of Science, the Endless Frontierthe blueprint for American science since World War IIRush Holt argues that a more expansive philosophical vision of the value of science is needed, one that embraces the public as a more equal partner. This is, largely, the product of three factors -- the free play of initiative of a vigorous people under democracy, the heritage of great national wealth, and the advance of science and its application. Author. As long as they are vigorous and healthy and their scientists are free to pursue the truth wherever it may lead, there will be a flow of new scientific knowledge to those who can apply it to practical problems in Government, in industry, or elsewhere. Plants which are more resistant to disease and are adapted to short growing season, the prevention and cure of livestock diseases, the control of our insect enemies, better fertilizers, and improved agricultural practices, all stem from painstaking scientific research. Consider, for example, water. They must offer research opportunities and sufficient compensation to enable them to compete with industry and government for the cream of scientific talent. - 1. I am convinced that these new functions should be centered in one agency. View at Internet Archive. This is essential reading for anyone who cares about the future of science in America. This general knowledge provides the means of answering a large number of important practical problems, though it may not give a complete specific answer to any one of them. Operating agencies have immediate operating goals and are under constant pressure to produce in a tangible way, for that is the test of their value. Some of us know the vital role which radar has played in bringing the United Nations to victory over Nazi Germany and in driving the Japanese steadily back from their island bastions. Many of the most important discoveries have come as a result of experiments undertaken with very different purposes in mind. There are certain kinds of research - such as research on the improvement of existing weapons -- which can best be done within the military establishment. Government action in respect to this subject will affect the rate of technical progress in industry. The Endless Frontier Act was initially presented Senators Chuck Schumer (D-NY) and Todd Young (R-IN) by Under . 5. Science: The endless frontier. Reprints and Permissions. This is an important read for everyone who is deeply concerned about the status of science in todays discourse. Directions. Description One of the most important reports in science policy, (commonly known as the Bush report), and intended to be a blueprint for a new era of scienceand of government in sciencefollowing the transformational experience of World War II and its technological culmination in the detonation of two atomic bombs over Japan. To enlarge the group of specially qualified men and women it is necessary to increase the number who go to college. but the present pattern is firmly established and there is much to be said for it. In the last 40 years life expectancy in the United States has increased from 49 to 65 years largely as a consequence of the reduction in the death rates of infants and children; in the last 20 years the death rate from the diseases of childhood has been reduced 87 percent. The development of the. Without scientific progress the national health would deteriorate; without scientific progress we could not hope for improvement in our standard of living or for an increased number of jobs for our citizens; and without scientific progress we could not have maintained our liberties against tyranny. and instead cite the study itself. Freedom of inquiry must be preserved under any plan for Government support of science in accordance with the Five Fundamentals listed on page 26. (Strohman et al., 2007; Liang et al., 2011; Ren et al., 2014; Bhagavatula et al., 2018). Some research on military problems should be conducted, in time of peace as well as in war, by civilians independently of the military establishment. The symposium marked the 75th anniversary of the landmark report Science, the Endless Frontier, which was released in the final weeks of another global crisisWorld War II. Hoorah for Holt, for having the courage to take on this important, timely issue. Adherence to the usual procedures in the case of research contracts will impair the efficiency of research operations and will needlessly increase the cost of the work of the Government. The country may be proud of the fact that 95 percent of boys and girls of the fifth grade age are enrolled in school, but the drop in enrollment after the fifth grade is less satisfying. "Robbert Dijkgraaf, director of the Institute for Advanced Study, "Rush Holt gives new life to Vannevar Bushs seminal report Science, the Endless Frontier by emphasizing its continued relevance to American science policy and raising issues that need reexaminationin particular, the relationship between the scientific enterprise and civil society. Surely we will not get there by standing still, merely by making the same things we made before and selling them at the same or higher prices. Our population increased from 75 million to 130 million between 1900 and 1940. Without the broad authority along these lines which was contained in the First War Powers Act and its implementing Executive Orders, together with the special relaxation of vouchering requirements granted by the General Accounting Office, the Office of Scientific Research and Development would have been gravely handicapped in carrying on research on military matters during this war. The answer is clear. February 9-17-24, 2021 L . The deficit of those holding advanced degrees -- that is, young scholars trained to the point where they are capable of carrying on original work -- has been estimated as amounting to about 17,000 by 1955 in chemistry, engineering, geology, mathematics, physics, psychology, and the biological sciences. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and government's responsibility to support scientific endeavors. Budget. To satisfy these considerations I recommend the establishment of a Board, made up equally of scientists and military men, whose function would be to pass upon the declassification and to control the release for publication of scientific information which is now classified. The development moved from the early laboratory stage to large scale production and use in a fraction of the time it would have taken without such leadership. Yet, uncertainties in the operation of the patent laws have impaired the ability of small industries to translate new ideas into processes and products of value to the nation. (5) While assuring complete independence and freedom for the nature, scope, and methodology of research carried on in the institutions receiving public funds, and while retaining discretion in the allocation of funds among such institutions, the Foundation proposed herein must be responsible to the President and the Congress. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click on download. The Congress is now considering legislation to provide funds for this Board by direct appropriation. To permit the release of information by one agency and to continue to restrict it elsewhere would be unfair in its effect and would tend to impair the morale and efficiency of scientists who have submerged individual interests in the controls and restrictions of war. Oxford OX2 6JX - 1. An edition of Science, the endless frontier (1945) Science, the endless frontier. Second are the infectious diseases, and third is cancer. United States. In the past we have devoted much of our best efforts to the application of such knowledge which has been discovered abroad. The Endless Frontier: The Next 75 Years in Science The National Academy of Sciences hosted a symposium on February 26, 2020, that gathered top business, academic, and government leaders to explore whether the modern research architecture that fuels U.S. innovation needs to be reconfigured to meet the challenges of our time. This is our present position despite the fact that in the last three decades notable progress has been made in civilian medicine. For many years the Government has wisely supported research in the agricultural colleges and the benefits have been great. In making contracts with or grants to such organizations the Foundation should protect the public interest adequately and at the same time leave the cooperating organization with adequate freedom and incentive to conduct scientific research. Responsibility to the people, through the President and Congress, should be placed in the hands of, say nine Members, who should be persons not otherwise connected with the Government and not representative of any special interest, who should be known as National Research Foundation Members, selected by the President on the basis of their interest in and capacity to promote the purposes of the Foundation. But nowhere in the Governmental structure receiving its funds from Congress is there an agency adapted to supplementing the support of basic research in the universities, both in medicine and the natural sciences; adapted to supporting research on new weapons for both Services; or adapted to administering a program of science scholarships and fellowships. In my opinion, however, we have drawn too heavily for nonscientific purposes upon the great natural resource which resides in our trained young scientists and engineers. But basic research is essentially noncommercial in nature. The plan is, further, that all those who receive such scholarships or fellowships in science should be enrolled in a National Science Reserve and be liable to call into the service of the Government, in connection with scientific or technical work in time of war or other national emergency declared by Congress or proclaimed by the President. The primary place for medical research is in the medical schools and universities. Princeton Asia (Beijing) Consulting Co., Ltd. The possibility of an endless frontier is a consequence of an idea known as emergence. Except to the extent that military security dictates otherwise, such knowledge should be spread upon the record for the benefit of the general public. The release of information from security regulations is but one phase of the problem. Early action is imperative, however, if this nation is to meet the challenge of science and fully utilize the potentialities of science. 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